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Ornament and Crime
''Ornament and Crime'' was a lecture attacking ornament in art by the influential and self-consciously "modern" Austrian architect Adolf Loos, written in 1908 but first given on 21 January 1910 in Vienna and first published in ''Cahiers d'aujourd'hui'' (issue 5 of 1913)〔Janet Stewart, ''Fashioning Vienna: Adolf Loos's Cultural Criticism'', London: Routledge, 2000〕 under the German title ''Ornament und Verbrechen''. It was under this challenging title that in 1913 the essay was translated into French; it was not published in German until 1929.〔Janet Stewart, ''Fashioning Vienna: Adolf Loos's Cultural Criticism'', London: Routledge, 2000, p. 173〕 "The evolution of culture marches with the elimination of ornament from useful objects", Loos proclaimed, linking the optimistic sense of the linear and upward progress of cultures with the contemporary vogue for applying evolution to cultural contexts.〔Canales, Jimena and Herscher, Andrew, "Criminal Skins: Tattoos and Modern Architecture in the Work of Adolf Loos", ''Architectural History'' 48, 2005 (PDF )〕
In Loos's essay, "passion for smooth and precious surfaces"〔(''Studio International'', 1973, Volume 186, Number 957, "Adolf Loos: the new vision" )〕 he explains his philosophy, describing how ornamentation can have the effect of causing objects to go out of style and thus become obsolete. It struck him that it was a crime to waste the effort needed to add ornamentation, when the ornamentation would cause the object to soon go out of style. Loos introduced a sense of the "immorality" of ornament, describing it as "degenerate", its suppression as necessary for regulating modern society. He took as one of his examples the tattooing of the "Papuan" and the intense surface decorations of the objects about him—Loos says that, in the eyes of western culture, the Papuan has not evolved to the moral and civilized circumstances of modern man, who, should he tattoo himself, would either be considered a criminal or a degenerate.〔Rawson, Jessica, ''Chinese Ornament: The lotus and the dragon'', p. 19, 1984, British Museum Publications, ISBN 0-7141-1431-6〕
Loos concluded that "No ornament can any longer be made today by anyone who lives on our cultural level ... Freedom from ornament is a sign of spiritual strength".〔Rawson, Jessica, ''Chinese Ornament: The lotus and the dragon'', p. 19, 1984, British Museum Publications, ISBN 0-7141-1431-6〕
The essay was written when Art Nouveau, which Loos had excoriated even at its height in 1900, was about to show a new way of modern art. The essay is important in articulating some moralizing views, inherited from the Arts and Crafts movement, which would be fundamental to the Bauhaus design studio and would help define the ideology of Modernism in architecture.
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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